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 Stroop
A
task invented by J.R. Stroop (1935) in which participants see a list of
color words printed in ink that is either the same or a different color
than the color named (e.g., the word "Blue" printed in either blue or
yellow ink). Participants are then asked to name, out loud, the colors
of the ink. The general finding, which became known as the Stroop
Effect, is slower identification of colors when the word and color of
the ink are incongruent (e.g., "Blue" written in yellow ink) than when
they are congruent (e.g., "Blue" written in blue ink).
 Simon
Reaction
times are usually faster and more accurate when the stimulus occurs in
the same relative location as the response, even if the stimulus
location is irrelevant to the task.
 ANT
Together
with our colleagues, we have defined three attentional networks have in
both anatomical and functional terms. Understanding the efficiency of
these networks in normal subjects helps to better evaluate
abnormalities arising in cases of brain injury, stroke, schizophrenia,
and attention deficit disorder. Moreover, the development of methods
to improve attention in healthy individuals and to rehabilitate
patients requires convenient assays of changes in the efficiency
following training. We have developed an experimental test of half an
hour that provides a measure of the efficiency of the attentional
networks involved in alerting, orienting and executive attention. Our
paradigm is designed to be used with children, adults, patients and
non-human primates since it does not require language.
 N-Back
One
of the most popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging
studies of working memory has been the n-back task, in which subjects
are asked to monitor the identity or location of a series of verbal or
nonverbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus
is the same as the one presented in trials previously.
 Oddball
In
the oddball target detection task, subjects respond to target stimuli
that occur infrequently and irregularly within a series of standard
stimuli.
 Go/NoGo
Together
with such tasks as the Stroop and Simon, the go/no-go task measures
response inhibition -- being able to stop yourself from making a
well-practiced or habitual response. In this task a response is made to
a target stimulus on the majority of trials, but on the rare occasion
the ‘no-go’ stimulus is presented, the response must be inhibited. The
more infrequent the no-go stimulus is, the harder it is to inhibit
responding to it when it does appear. Children get better at inhibiting
their responses as they get older, and performance on the go/no-go task
improves with age.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis refers to attentive receptive concentration whereby certain individuals can change the way they experience themselves and the environment and often display heightened compliance with suggestion. We employ a variety of suggestion types in our studies. For example, a posthypnotic suggestion is a condition during common wakefulness (after termination of the hypnotic experience) wherein, usually upon a prearranged cue, a participant readily complies with a suggestion made during the hypnotic episode. |
Clinical Neuroscience and Applied Cognition Laboratory
Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry at the Jewish General Hospital
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